Android terminal

Tutorial: XDA

Download the SDK for Linux (or others) and extract.

1. Create a file in /etc/udev/rules.d call 50-android.rules
2. Edit the file and make it look like:

   SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="04e8", MODE="0666"

3. You will probably need to restart udev...this is distro dependant usually

   For example on ubuntu: sudo restart udev 

4. Go into the tools folder
5. $ ./android
6. Install the SDK tools and platform-tools
7. Start the adb server by running adb start-server
   In some cases you may have to start the server as root by doing sudo adb start-server. This may be remidied by modifying the above file to something like SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="04e8", MODE="0666", OWNER="username" where username is your user name (although this did not help in my situation...) 

For shell commands: http://developer.android.com/guide/developing/tools/adb.html